Mu mwaka ushize wa 2022, isoko ry’ibikomoka ku binyabutabire mu gihugu ryagaragaje igabanuka rikwiye muri rusange. Dukurikije imibare ituruka mu matsinda y’ubucuruzi, 64% by’ibikomoka ku binyabutabire 106 byakurikiranwe mu 2022, 64% by’ibicuruzwa byaragabanutse, 36% by’ibicuruzwa byarazamutse. Isoko ry’ibikomoka ku binyabutabire ryagaragaje ibyiciro bishya by’ingufu, igabanuka ry’ibikomoka ku binyabutabire gakondo, rituma ibikoresho by’ibanze bihora bihagaze neza. Mu rukurikirane rw’uruhererekane rw’“Isuzuma ry’Isoko ry’Ibinyabutabire rya 2022” rwatangijwe muri iki gice, ruzatoranywamo ibicuruzwa bizamuka n’ibimanuka cyane kugira ngo bisesengurwe.
Nta gushidikanya ko umwaka wa 2022 ari igihe cyiza ku isoko ry’umunyu wa lithiamu. Lithiamu hidroksidi, lithiamu karubone, lithiamu fosfeti y’icyuma, na fosfeti y’amabuye y’agaciro byari mu myanya 4 ya mbere ku rutonde rw’ibicuruzwa bya chimique byiyongera, uko bikurikirana. By’umwihariko, isoko rya lithiamu hidroksidi, injyana nyamukuru y’imivuduko ikomeye n’iy’impande mu mwaka wose, ryaje ku isonga ku rutonde rw’izamuka rya 155.38% buri mwaka.
Ibyiciro bibiri by'imbaraga zo gukura no guhanga udushya
Icyerekezo cy'isoko rya litiyumu hidroksidi mu 2022 gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu. Mu ntangiriro za 2022, isoko rya litiyumu hidroksidi ryafunguye isoko ku giciro mpuzandengo cya yuan 216.700 (igiciro cya toni, kimwe kiri hasi). Nyuma y'izamuka rikomeye mu gihembwe cya mbere, ryakomeje kuzamuka cyane mu gihembwe cya kabiri n'icya gatatu. Igiciro mpuzandengo cya yuan 10.000 cyararangiye, maze umwaka wiyongereyeho 155.38%.
Mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2022, ubwiyongere bwa buri gihembwe ku isoko rya lithium hydroxide bwageze kuri 110.77%, muri Gashyantare bwiyongereyeho umwaka munini, bugera kuri 52.73%. Dukurikije imibare ituruka mu matsinda y’ubucuruzi, muri iki cyiciro, bushyigikiwe n’amabuye y’agaciro yo mu kirere, kandi igiciro cya lithium lithium carbonate cyakomeje gushyigikira lithium hydroxide. Muri icyo gihe, bitewe n’ibikoresho fatizo bike, igipimo rusange cy’imikorere ya lithium hydroxide cyagabanutse kigera kuri 60%, kandi ubuso bw’ibicuruzwa bwari bucye. Ubukene bwa lithium hydroxide mu nganda zikora bateri nini za nickel ternary zo hepfo bwariyongereye, kandi ukutumvikana kw’ibicuruzwa n’ibikenewe byatumye igiciro cya lithium hydroxide kizamuka cyane.
Mu gihembwe cya kabiri n'icya gatatu cya 2022, isoko rya hydroxide ya lithium ryagaragaje impinduka zikomeye, kandi igiciro mpuzandengo cyazamutseho gato 0.63% muri iki gihembwe. Kuva muri Mata kugeza Gicurasi 2022, carbonate ya lithium yaragabanutse. Bumwe mu bushobozi bushya bwa bamwe mu bakora hydroxide ya lithium bwarasohotse, ibicuruzwa byose byiyongera, icyifuzo cyo kugura ahantu hatandukanye mu gihugu cyaragabanutse, kandi isoko rya hydroxide ya lithium ryagaragaye ko riri hejuru. Guhera muri Kamena 2022, igiciro cya carbonate ya lithium cyazamuwe gato kugira ngo gishyigikire imiterere y'isoko rya hydroxide ya lithium ku isoko, mu gihe ishyaka ry'ubushakashatsi bwo mu gihe cyashize ryazamutseho gato. Cyageze kuri yuan 481.700.
Mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2022, isoko rya litiyumu hidrojeni ryongeye kuzamuka, ku kigero cya 14.88% buri gihembwe. Mu gihembwe cy'izuba, umusaruro n'igurishwa ry'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu muri icyo kigo byiyongereye cyane, kandi isoko riragoye kuboneka. Politiki nshya yo gutanga inkunga ku ngufu iri hafi kugera mu mpera z'umusozo, kandi amwe mu masosiyete y'imodoka azitegura mbere y'igihe kugira ngo ateze imbere isoko rya litiyumu hidrojeni ku busabe bukomeye bwa bateri zikoresha ingufu. Muri icyo gihe, bitewe n'icyorezo cy'imbere mu gihugu, isoko riracyari rito, kandi isoko rya litiyumu hidrojeni rizongera kuzamuka. Nyuma yo hagati mu Ugushyingo 2022, igiciro cya litiyumu karubone cyaragabanutse, maze isoko rya litiyumu hidrojeni ryagabanuka gato, kandi igiciro cya nyuma cyarahagaze kuri yuan 553.300.
Itangwa ry'ibikoresho fatizo byo mu misozi riracyari rito cyane
Dusubije amaso inyuma mu 2022, si isoko rya lithium hydroxide gusa ryazamutse nk'umukororombya, ahubwo n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'umunyu wa lithium byazamutse cyane. Lithium carbonate yazamutseho 89.47%, lithium fer phosphate yiyongereyeho 58.1% buri mwaka, kandi kwiyongera kwa fosifore ya fosifore ya lithium fer phosphate nabyo byageze kuri 53.94%. Ingano Inganda zizera ko impamvu nyamukuru y'ubwiyongere bw'umunyu wa lithium mu 2022 ari uko ikiguzi cy'umutungo wa lithium gikomeje kuzamuka, ibyo bikaba byaratumye ibura ry'umunyu wa lithium rikomeza kwiyongera, bityo bigatuma igiciro cy'umunyu wa lithium gikomeza kwiyongera.
Nk’uko bivugwa n’abakozi bashya bo kwamamaza bateri z’ingufu muri Liaoning, lithium hydroxide igabanyijemo ahanini inzira ebyiri zo gukora lithium hydroxide n’ikiyaga cy’umunyu bitegura lithium hydroxide n’ikiyaga cy’umunyu. Lithium hydroxide nyuma ya lithium carbonate yo mu rwego rw’inganda. Mu 2022, ibigo bikoresha lithium hydroxide ikoresha pylori byahuye n’umutungo muto w’amabuye y’agaciro. Ku ruhande rumwe, ubushobozi bwo gukora lithium hydroxide ni buke bitewe n’ibura ry’umutungo wa lithium. Ku rundi ruhande, ubu hari abakora lithium hydroxide bemejwe n’umuyoboro mpuzamahanga wa bateri, bityo gutanga lithium hydroxide yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ni buke cyane.
Muri raporo y’ubushakashatsi, umusesenguzi wa Ping An Securities, Chen Xiao, yagaragaje ko ikibazo cy’ibikoresho fatizo ari ikintu gikomeye gihungabanya uruhererekane rw’inganda za bateri za lithiamu. Ku nzira zo kuzamura litiyumu mu kiyaga cya salt lake, bitewe n’ubukonje bw’ikirere, imyuka y’ibiyaga by’umunyu iragabanuka, kandi ikwirakwizwa ry’ibiyaga rikagira ikibazo cyo kubura ikwirakwizwa, cyane cyane mu gihembwe cya mbere n’icya kane. Bitewe n’ubushobozi buke bwa fosifate y’icyuma ya lithiamu, bitewe n’ubushobozi buke bw’ibicuruzwa, ikwirakwizwa ry’ibicuruzwa ntiryari rihagije kandi byatumye urwego rw’imikorere rurushaho kuba rwiza, kandi ubwiyongere bwa buri mwaka bwageze kuri 53.94%.
Ingufu nshya zikenewe mu kigo cy’ingufu zarazamutse
Nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya bateri za lithium-ion zifite nikeli nyinshi, kwiyongera gukomeye kw'ubukene bw'inganda zitanga ingufu nshya byatanze inyungu kurusha izamuka ry'ibiciro bya lithium hydroxide.
Ping An Securities yagaragaje ko isoko rishya ry’ingufu ryakomeje gukomera mu 2022, kandi imikorere yaryo yari ikiri myiza cyane. Umusaruro w’inganda za bateri ziri munsi ya lithium hydroxide uracyakora, kandi icyifuzo cya bateri nyinshi za nickel ternary na lithium y’icyuma gikomeje gutera imbere. Dukurikije amakuru aheruka aturuka mu Ishyirahamwe ry’Abacuruzi b’Abashinwa, kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Ugushyingo 2022, umusaruro n’igurishwa ry’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu byari miliyoni 6.253 na miliyoni 60.67, uko bikurikirana, bikaba byari ukwiyongera k’umwaka ushize, kandi umugabane w’isoko wageze kuri 25%.
Mu rwego rw'ibura ry'umutungo n'ubukene bukomeye, igiciro cy'umunyu wa lithiamu nka lithiamu hidroxide cyariyongereye, kandi uruhererekane rw'inganda z'amashanyarazi za lithiamu rwaguye mu "mpungenge". Abacuruza ibikoresho bya bateri z'amashanyarazi, abakora n'inganda nshya z'imodoka zitanga ingufu barimo kongera kugura umunyu wa lithiamu. Mu 2022, abakora ibikoresho byinshi bya bateri basinye amasezerano yo gutanga ibikoresho n'abacuruza lithiamu hidroxide. Ishami ryigenga rya Avchem Group ryasinye amasezerano yo gutanga ibikoresho bya lithiamu hidroxide ya bateri na Axix. Ryanasinye amasezerano n'ishami rya Tianhua Super Clean rya Tianyi Lithium na Sichuan Tianhua ku bikoresho bya lithiamu hidroxide ya bateri.
Uretse ibigo bitanga bateri, ibigo bitanga imodoka nabyo biri mu marushanwa akomeye yo gutanga litiyumu hidroksidi. Mu 2022, byatangajwe ko Mercedes-Benz, BMW, General Motors n'izindi sosiyete zitanga imodoka zasinye amasezerano yo gutanga litiyumu hidroksidi, kandi Tesla yavuze ko izubaka uruganda rwa litiyumu hidroksidi, rukazahita rwinjira mu rwego rwo gukora litiyumu.
Muri rusange, iterambere ry’inganda nshya zikora ingufu z’amashanyarazi ryatumye isoko rikenera cyane hydroxide ya lithium, kandi ibura ry’umutungo wa lithium wo hejuru ryatumye ubushobozi bwo gukora hydroxide ya lithium bugabanuka, bituma igiciro cyayo ku isoko kigera ku rwego rwo hejuru.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-02-2023