Polyurethane ni ibikoresho bishya by’ingenzi bya shimi. Kubera imikorere yayo myiza n’ikoreshwa ryayo ritandukanye, izwi nka "pulasitiki ya gatanu mu bunini". Kuva ku bikoresho byo mu nzu, imyenda, ubwikorezi, ubwubatsi, siporo, n’iby’indege n’ubwubatsi bw’ingabo z’igihugu, ibikoresho bya polyurethane biboneka hose ni ibikoresho bishya bya shimi kandi ni inkunga ikomeye ku gihugu cyanjye mu kubaka igihugu gikomeye.
Nyuma y'imyaka irenga 20 y'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda z'ibikoresho fatizo bya polyurethane, byagaragaje impinduka kuva ku bunini kugeza ku bwiza. Ikoranabuhanga mu gukora no gukora isocyanate byaje ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Binjiye mu gihe cyo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryageze ku iterambere ry'ubuziranenge. Kuri ubu, Ubushinwa bwabaye ikigo kinini ku isi mu gukora ibikoresho fatizo bya polyurethane n'ibicuruzwa, ndetse n'akarere kuzuye cyane mu bijyanye no gukoresha polyurethane.
Nk'inyongeramusaruro y'ingenzi kuri polyurethane, ibikoresho byo kwagura polyurethane ni ibintu bishobora gukorana n'ibikorwa by'itsinda ry'imikorere ku muyoboro wa polymer kugira ngo byagure umuyoboro wa molekile kandi byongere uburemere bwa molekile. Ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu gukora ibicuruzwa byinshi bya polyurethane. Mu guhuza ibikoresho bya polyurethane, ibikoresho byo kwagura polyurethane bishobora gukora ibintu bibiri bya shimi: kwagura no guhuza kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwiza kandi mwiza wa polyurethane, nko kongera ubukana, ubwiyongere, n'urwego rwo kwagura ibikoresho bya polyurethane, hamwe n'urwego rwo kwagura. Fiziki n'imiti imikorere ihamye yo kurwanya ubushyuhe, kurwanya amavuta, kurwanya ikirere no kurwanya ingese.
一, Uruhare n'ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'ibikoresho byo kwagura urunigi rwa polyurethane
Umusemburo wo kwagura polyurethane yerekeza ku misemburo mike ya amine na alcohol irimo amatsinda abiri y’imikorere, ashobora gukora polymer yo mu bwoko bwa line binyuze mu gikorwa cyo kwagura uruhererekane. Hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitandukanye byo kwagura uruhererekane, cyangwa guhindura formula yo kwagura uruhererekane, imikorere y’ibinyabutabire itandukanye igerwaho, kandi ibikoresho bya polyurethane bifite ibisabwa mu mikorere itandukanye birakorwa.
Uruhare rw'ibikoresho byo kwagura urunigi rwa polyurethane mu gukora polyurethane birimo cyane cyane:
(1) Umuyoboro wa polyurethane wo kwagura urunigi ufite itsinda ryihariye (itsinda rya amino na hydroxyl) rishobora gukora ibikorwa bya shimi hamwe na isocyanate. Uburemere bwa molekile n'imikorere myiza bishobora gutuma sisitemu ya polyurethane yaguka vuba cyangwa igakomera, bigatanga umurongo ufite uburemere bunini bwa molekile. Molekile zifite imikorere nk'iya polymer.
(2) Ibyuma bitandukanye byo kwagura imiyoboro bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora. Ukoresheje ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho byo kwagura imiyoboro n'ingano yayo, hindura ubukana bw'ingufu za reactor, molekile n'imiterere yayo kugira ngo bihuze n'umusaruro wa polyurethane n'ibicuruzwa by'uburyo butandukanye n'ibikenewe mu bwiza.
(3) Ibintu bitandukanye byo kwagura polyurethane bishobora guha polyurethane imiterere itandukanye, kandi imiterere imwe n'imwe y'amatsinda yihariye mu miterere y'uruhererekane rw'imigozi yinjizwa mu ruhererekane rw'ingenzi rwa polyurethane, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku mikorere n'imikorere ya polyurethane, nko gukomera no kudashwanyagurika, umunaniro urinda ubushyuhe, kudahangana n'ikirere, kudahangana n'amavuta, kudahangana n'ingese, n'ibindi.
Ibintu byo kwagura polyurethane muri rusange bigabanyijemo amine, alcool, na alcool. Kuva ku ikoreshwa ry'uburyo bwo gukora n'imiterere y'imikorere, kwagura na diol bishingiye ahanini ku buryo bwo gukora n'imiterere y'imikorere. Ibintu gakondo byo kwagura uruhererekane nka ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanol, na dihydramol imwe, nibindi, bifite imikorere mike ugereranije n'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane, kandi ni ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kwagura uruhererekane. Ikintu cyo kwagura uruhererekane gifite imikorere igaragara y'ibikoresho bya polyurethane ahanini ni ibyiciro bibiri: aromatic dihanramine na aromatic diol. Byitwa aromatic chain expansion agent ifite imikorere myiza. Irangwa n'impeta ikomeye ya benzene. Ingufu, ubukana bwo kwangirika, ubukana bwo hagati n'ibindi.
Umuti wo kwagura diharamine uhumura neza si ikintu cy'ingenzi gusa mu bikoresho bya polyurethane elastic by'ubukorano. Ni wo muti wo kwagura umunyururu wa polyurethane ukoreshwa cyane, mubi cyane, kandi ukomeye cyane.
Imiterere gakondo yo gusukamo polyurethane elastic muri rusange ishyirwaho uburyo bubiri, ni ukuvuga ikoreshwa mbere y’igihe, hanyuma igashyirwaho ibikoresho byo kwagura iminyururu kugira ngo ikomere. Bitewe n’ubwoko bwa isocyanate, ibikoresho byakozwe mbere bishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bwa TDI na MDI. Ugereranyije n’ibyo byombi, ibikorwa bya TDI byo kwagura imburagihe ni bike, kandi ahanini bihuzwa n’ibikoresho byo kwagura iminyururu ya amine bikora cyane; ibikorwa bya MDI byo kwagura imburagihe ni byinshi, naho ibikoresho byo kwagura iminyururu bishingiye kuri hydroxy bifite agapfunyika gakomeye gashingiye kuri hydroxyl. Dukurikije ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa n’imikorere y’ibicuruzwa, ni ngombwa cyane guhitamo ibikoresho byo kwagura iminyururu bikwiye nyuma yo guhitamo ubwoko bwa isocyanate.
Ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa byo kwagura urunigi rwa polyurethane rufite imikorere myiza n'imiterere y'ikoreshwa ryabyo
2.1 Umuti w'ingenzi wo kwagura urunigi rwa dihan amine
Bitewe n'imikorere yayo myiza n'ubwiza bwayo bwo hejuru, igikoresho cyo kwagura icyuma gihumura neza cya dihamine ni cyo gikoreshwa cyane mu kwagura uruziga mu bikoresho bya polyurethane elastic.
Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu kwagura dianramine birimo 3, 3′-dichlori-4, 4′-diode (MOCA: ubwoko bwa I, ubwoko bwa Ⅱ, ubushyuhe bwinshi, nibindi), 1,3-propylene glycol Double (4-amino benzoate) (740m), 4,4′-sub-base-double (3-chlorine-2,6-diecene aniline) (M-CDEA), polyphamorethyl ether Diol two-pair aminbenzoate (P-1000, P-650, P-250, nibindi), 3,5-two ethylene torneramine (DETDA, izwi kandi nka E-100), 3,5-diracle Sulfenylene (DMTDA, izwi kandi nka E-300) nibindi bicuruzwa.
Incamake y'imiterere y'ikoreshwa n'iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:
Umuti wo kwagura imiyoboro ya MOCA ni wo muti wo kwagura imiyoboro ya mbere w’inzobere mu by’ubucuruzi ushora imari mu nganda mu gihugu cyanjye. Ni ahantu heza cyane mu bushyuhe bw’icyumba. Ufite imiterere nk’ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane bishobora gukoreshwa mu bijyanye n’umutekano no koroshya ibintu, bishobora kuzuza imiterere n’imiterere itandukanye. Uburemere bwa polyurethane ni ubukana bwinshi, ubugari bwinshi, budasaza cyane, budakomera cyane, budakomera cyane, budakomera n’indi miterere yose. Ushobora gukora ibicuruzwa binini. Ni imikorere yuzuye y’imiti yo kwagura imiyoboro ya aromatic dilate. Kuva DuPont yatera imbere mu myaka ya 1950, MOCA yagize umwanya ukomeye mu bijyanye no kwagura imiyoboro ya polyurethane. Kuri ubu ni wo muti munini cyane wo kwagura imiyoboro ya polyurethane. Ni ingenzi cyane mu bijyanye no gusuka imiyoboro ya polyurethane. Kugeza ubu, inganda zizwi cyane za MOCA mu Bushinwa ni: Suzhou Xiangyuan New Materials Co., Ltd. (ikigo cy’inganda cya Jiangsu Xiangyuan Chemical Company), Huaibei Xingguang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong Chongshun New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Hua Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (yahoze ari Binhai Mingsheng Chemical Co., Ltd.), Chizhou Tianci High-tech Materials Co., Ltd., byongeyeho, hari Taiwan Shuangbang Industrial Co., Ltd., Taiwan Sanhuang Co., Ltd., na Katshan Kohshan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, iyobowe n'amasosiyete yo mu Bushinwa, ikoranabuhanga rya MOCA ryo gukora ryarushijeho gutera imbere. Urugero, Xiangyuan New Materials yatsinze ikibazo cy'ubuzima bw'abakozi, umwanda ukomeye, no kudahindagurika kw'umusaruro wa hydrogenation wa hydrogenation wa hydrogenation. Ubu buryo bukomeza butera hydrogenation ya hydrogenation mu buryo bw'amajwi meza n'imikorere ya MOCA, bugatuma habaho ikoranabuhanga ryikora, bugashyiramo ibidukikije, bugatuma habaho ibinyabutabire, nta mukungugu urimo, nta ngufu ukoresha kandi nta n'imyotsi ihumanya. Igikoresho gikomeza gukora MOCA cyabaye uruganda ruzwi cyane ku isi rukora ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane.
Byongeye kandi, Xiangyuan New Materials yanakoze ibikoresho byo kwagura uruhererekane rwa Xylink740M na Xylink P, bigeraho inganda z'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa, biteza imbere abakora ibikoresho bya polyurethane kugira ngo barusheho kunoza ireme, bagabanye ikiguzi, kandi bagure ikoreshwa ryabyo.
2.2 Ikintu cy'ingenzi cya aromatic diol dilateral expansion agent
Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu kwagura diol birimo phenyl-phenolic hydroxyxyl-based ether (HQEE), interciphenylbenols, hydroxyl ether (HER), n'imvange ya phenolic pyrodhenol ishingiye kuri hydroxyethyl (HQEE-L), imvange ya Hydroxyethylhhexybenol (HER-L), n'ibindi, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho bya polyurethane kuri sisitemu za MDI, ikaba ari igikoresho cyo kwagura urunigi kitangiza uburozi kandi gihumanya. Incamake y'imiterere y'ikoreshwa n'iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:
Umuyoboro wa HQEE wo kwagura ni umuyoboro wa molekile ugizwe n'ibintu bingana na aromatic diol. Ni agace gakomeye, ntikangiza, ntikangiza kandi ntikarakaza. Uhuye neza na MDI kandi ushobora kongera igihe cy'ibikoresho. Xiangyuan New Materials yateguye HQEE, HER, Xylink HQEE-L, Xylinkher-L series chain agents. Ubwiza buri hejuru y'ibicuruzwa bisa mu gihugu no mu mahanga, kandi ibicuruzwa bigurishwa mu gihugu no mu mahanga.
2.3 Izindi nganda zikora aromatic chain zifite imikorere yihariye
Kubera iterambere ry’imirima ivuguruye ya polyurethane, ibikoresho bishya byo kwagura polyurethane n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kuyikoresha byakomeje gutezwa imbere kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyifuzo by’isoko rya polyurethane. Ibigo bikora ibicuruzwa byakoze ibikoresho bitandukanye byihariye byo kwagura urunigi rukora neza.
Tianmen Winterine (DMD230) ni uburyo bwo kwagura uruhererekane rurimo amine ebyiri zidafite imirasire, bukoreshwa mu gutegura irangi ridafite solvent cyangwa rikomeye cyane. Ugereranyije na polyette zisanzwe zipfapfaizwa, iki gicuruzwa gifite igisubizo kiringaniye, imikorere myiza, imikorere myiza mu bwubatsi, kandi gifite imikorere myiza cyane. Gifite urumuri rwiza kandi kigaragara hamwe na polycoges mu gutegura polycisotripocyanate y’amavuta, ubushobozi bwo koroha no gukora neza, impinduka z’umuhondo zirwanya umuhondo, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ikirere, kandi kikaba kirinda igihe kirekire. Uretse ibiraro, imiyoboro y’amazi, n’ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibirango byo hasi n’imihanda, gishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu bikorwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru nko gukingira no gukingira uruhu rwa kajugujugu rw’ibyuma by’amashanyarazi y’umuyaga. Umusaruro n’iterambere ry’iki gicuruzwa mu nganda bizafasha iterambere ry’irangi ry’irangi.
Gukwirakwiza (311) by'ibinyabutabire bya aromatic diharamine na sodium chloride (311) ni ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bya aromatic diharamine n'imyunyu ngugu. Bishobora guhuzwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa polyurethane pre-polystants ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Bikwiriye cyane cyane imiterere ikomeye cyangwa minini. Ibicuruzwa byo mu gace, microwave vulcanization, n'ibindi bihe bisaba igihe kirekire cyo gukora, nabyo bishobora gukoreshwa nk'umuti uvura epoxy resin. Ibicuruzwa nk'ibyo birimo Caytur 31DA muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Xylink 311, Xiangyuan New Materials.
Izindi miti ivura amazi yo mu mazi nka oxidazole, ketone amine, nibindi bishobora kugabanya amahirwe yo gusiga cyangwa ibindi bintu bishobora gutuma habaho uduheri mu cyiciro cyo hagati cyo gusiga, kandi ifite umwanya wo gutera imbere.
三、Iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo kwagura urunigi rwa polyurethane rihagaze
Inganda zo kwagura polyurethane mu gihugu cyanjye zifite ishingiro rito ry’iterambere. Mu minsi ya mbere, isoko ryo kwagura polyurethane mu gihugu ryahoraga ryigarurirwa n’ibigo mpuzamahanga. Kuva iki kinyejana cyatangira, itsinda ry’ibigo byo kwagura polyurethane byo mu gihugu bihagarariwe na Xiangyuan New Materials ryashoboye gusenya ubucuruzi bw’abanyamahanga nyuma y’imyaka myinshi y’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere n’ikoranabuhanga. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa byo kwagura polyurethane byo mu gihugu cyanjye byageze ku rwego rw’ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga bisa.
Nk'umuti wa polyurethane ukoreshwa cyane mu kwagura amine, MOCA ikora neza, irahamye, iringaniye, kandi ikwiye mu gusubiza. Mu rwego rwo gusuka umubiri ugororotse mu bikorwa biri imbere, cyane cyane sisitemu ya TDI, umubare munini w'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane byakusanyije umubare munini w'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane byakuze, formula ikuze, Essence, imikorere n'imyitwarire bya MOCA byarageragejwe nyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'isoko n'iy'abakiriya. Igiciro kiri hejuru cyane. Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi yo gukoreshwa, hari imbogamizi runaka yavutse. Ifite uruhare rudasimburwa, kandi urwego rwo kuyikoresha ruhora rwaguka.
Ikigo cy’Ubutabire cy’Uburayi, nk’ikigo gishinzwe icyemezo cya EU Reach, cyasohoye raporo ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2017. Nyuma yo kugereranya ingaruka z’umutekano, imikorere, n’ibiciro, cyatanze igitekerezo cy’uko mu rwego rwo gupima imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane, ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa bya MOCA, imikorere, ubwiza bw’ikiguzi n’izindi nyungu ari byiza cyane, kandi nta yandi mahitamo ahari ubu.
Inganda zo kwagura polyurethane zo mu Bushinwa zatangiye zitinze. Mu minsi ya mbere, bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rito ry’umusaruro, ibikoresho fatizo bidakora neza, n’impano zidahagije mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere, isoko ryo kwagura polyurethane mu gihugu ryari ryihariwe n’ibigo mpuzamahanga. Kugeza mu myaka ya 1990, inganda nyinshi zo kwagura polyurethane mu gihugu zashoboye gusenya ikoranabuhanga ryo mu mahanga nyuma y’imyaka myinshi yo gukora ubushakashatsi no mu iterambere no gukusanya tekiniki, kandi imikorere y’ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byo kwagura polyurethane yageze ku rwego rw’ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga bisa. By’umwihariko, ibikoresho bishya bya Xiangyuan byafashe iya mbere mu kubaka igikoresho cya MOCA gihoraho cya toni 10.000. Ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa n’urwego rwa tekiniki byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru ku isi no mu gihugu. Kuri ubu, inganda zo mu gihugu za MOCA zashoboye kuzuza ibisabwa bya ionamine y’ubuntu. MOCA y’ibice bito na MOCA ihindura umuhondo mu bushyuhe bwinshi mu bicuruzwa bya MOCA bikundwa n’inganda za polyurethane.
"Gahunda ya cumi na kabiri y'imyaka itanu ya gahunda ya cumi na kabiri y'imyaka itanu" y'inganda za polyurethane irasaba ko uretse kwagura urwego rw'umusaruro wa MOCA yo kwagura iminyururu myiza, kwamamaza no gukoresha ibikoresho bishya bya MCDEA, E-100, HER, HQEE n'ibindi bicuruzwa bikwiye kongerwa. Hashingiwe ku bicuruzwa bya MOCA, hamwe n'uburyo butandukanye bw'ibikoresho bya polyurethane n'ibicuruzwa, ibindi bicuruzwa bishya bya kwagura iminyururu nabyo byagaragaye, bishyiraho imiterere itandukanye n'ibicuruzwa bya MOCA.
Bitewe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rikomeje kunozwa, ibicuruzwa bishya by’imiti igabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi bifite inyungu zihariye mu muvuduko wo gusubiza, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, gukora, umutekano no kurinda ibidukikije. Imikoreshereze yabyo yagiye ikura buhoro buhoro, kandi ingano y’imikoreshereze ikomeza kwiyongera. Urugero, P-1000, P650, P250, 740M, bitewe n’imiterere yayo y’icyatsi kibisi, irinda ibidukikije kandi idahumanya, byafunguye isoko ry’imikoreshereze mu nzego nyinshi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hamwe n’iterambere n’iterambere rya sisitemu ya MDI irengera ibidukikije, urwego rw’imikoreshereze y’imiti igabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi nka HQEE na HER hamwe n’imikoreshereze myiza kandi ijyanye na sisitemu ya MDI rwagiye rwiyongera buhoro buhoro, rutanga ubwiza bwiza bwa polyurethane Imikorere yihariye nko kurwanya ubushyuhe n’imbaraga zo gucika. Uretse gukora ibicuruzwa bisuka, ishobora kandi gukora ibicuruzwa bya thermoplastic elastomic bifite imikorere myiza, bishobora koroherwa. Mu bice bikoreshwamo ibikoresho bya polyurethane mu bihugu byateye imbere n’ibindi bikoresho bya polyurethane, ibikoresho byo kwagura imikoreshereze nka 740m, HQEE, HER birimo kwiyongera. Umukozi mushya wo kwagura uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho afite ibyiza bitandukanye mu igabanywa ry'ibikoresho mu buryo bwihariye, kandi igipimo cya tekiniki kiri hejuru. Kugeza ubu, isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu riracyari mu cyiciro cyo kwamamaza ikoreshwa ryabyo.
Imiterere y'iterambere ry'inganda zo kwagura urunigi rwa polyurethane
Inganda za polyurethane muri Amerika ya Ruguru no mu Burayi bw'Iburengerazuba zimaze imyaka myinshi zitera imbere. Inganda zifite imbaraga zikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga, kandi isoko rirakuze. Muri icyo gihe, abaguzi bo muri utwo duce bafite ibisabwa byo gukora neza ku bicuruzwa bya polyurethane, kandi icyifuzo cy'ibikoresho bishya byo kwagura urunigi kirihuta kurusha MOCA. Muri iki gihe, ibihugu byateye imbere nka Uburayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni byo bifite uruhare runini mu gukenera ibikoresho bishya byo kwagura urunigi.
Ikoreshwa rya polyurethane rinini mu karere ka Aziya na Pasifika ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere riri kuba imbaraga nyamukuru mu gukenera polyurethane ku isi. Muri byo, akarere ka Aziya na Pasifika kamaze kuba isoko rinini ku isi ry’abaguzi ba polyurethane, ringana na 48% by’isoko mpuzamahanga; ibindi bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nka Ubuhinde, Burezili, Megizike, nibindi, gukenera polyurethane mu nyubako, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibikoresho byo mu rugo n'izindi nganda nabyo biriyongera. Ariko, ugereranije n'ibihugu byateye imbere mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, tumwe muri utwo turere tukiri mu ntangiriro z'inganda. Bifite umwihariko cyane ku biciro by'ibikoresho fatizo mu nganda za polyurethane kandi byibanda cyane ku biciro n'imikorere y'ikiguzi. Mu gihe kizaza, mu gihe kizaza, uru rwego ruzakomeza gukenera cyane MOCA zihenze cyane.
Kuri ubu, amasosiyete akomeye mpuzamahanga yo kwagura polyurethane, nka Kazaka Kagosan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd., United States Air Chemical (yaguzwe muri Winchuang mu 2016), na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika Coco (yaguzwe na Langsheng mu 2017), n'ibindi, yigaruriye isi. Igice kinini cy'isoko ry'abakora imirimo yo kwagura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, amwe mu masosiyete mato adafite iterambere ry'urwego rw'ubushakashatsi mu nganda - kaminuza - cyakuweho n'ingaruka z'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'igiciro, kandi umubare w'inganda zo kwagura imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi wariyongereye cyane. Muri icyo gihe, amasosiyete manini nayo yishingikiriza ku mbaraga zikomeye z'imari n'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere kugira ngo yongere ibikoresho fatizo by'umwuga n'urwego rw'umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa, kandi ashyiraho ibigo binini by'ubucuruzi n'ubushakashatsi ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu bice bifite umutungo mwiza, amasoko, n'imiterere y'umurimo.
5. Imiterere n'icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo kwagura polyurethane muri iki gihe
Nk'inyongeramusaruro y'ingenzi ku bikoresho bya polyurethane, ibikoresho byo kwagura polyurethane bikoreshwa cyane cyane muri sisitemu ya CASE (harimo n'imyambaro, kole, gufunga no gufunga) mu bikoresho bya polyurethane. Muri byo, polyurethane elastic body ni ibikoresho bya polymer synthetic hagati ya rubber rusange na pulasitiki. Ifite ubukana bwinshi bwa rubber n'ubukana bwinshi n'imbaraga nyinshi za pulasitiki. Inshuro 5 kugeza ku 10), ifite izina rya "umwami w'urubber rudashira" kandi ifite imbaraga nziza za mekanike, irwanya amavuta, irwanya imiti, irwanya guhindagurika kw'ingufu kandi irwanya ubushyuhe buke n'imikorere myiza yo gukingira. Uretse ubwoko busanzwe bwo gusukamo n'umubiri wa polyurethane elastic wa thermoplastic, ibikoresho bya polyurethane elastic body birimo kole, irangi, gufunga, ibikoresho byo kugenderaho, uruhu rwo mu bwoko bwa synthetic, fibre, nibindi biba ibikoresho bya polyurethane elastic. Bitewe no kunoza urwego rwa tekiniki, ubukana bwa polyurethane bwasimbuwe muri rubber, pulasitiki, n'ibyuma mu nzego zitandukanye nko mu modoka, mu birombe, mu icapiro, mu bikoresho, mu gutunganya imashini, mu mikino, no mu gutwara abantu.
Imibare ituruka mu nzego zibishinzwe igaragaza ko ikoreshwa rya polyurethane CASE yo mu Bushinwa (ingufu zikozwe mu buryo bwa elastic, irangi, uruhu rw’ubukorikori, gufunga no gufunga) mu 2021 ryari toni miliyoni 7.77, kandi impuzandengo y’izamuka ry’umwaka rya 11.5% muri 2016-2021 ryari 11.5%.
Uburebure bwa polyurethane yo mu Bushinwa mu 2016 bwari toni 925.000, naho umusaruro mu 2021 wageze kuri toni miliyoni 1.5, hamwe n’igipimo cy’izamuka ry’ingufu ku mwaka cya 10.2%; igipimo cy’izamuka ry’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu ku mwaka cyari 12.5%. Biteganyijwe ko mu 2025, umusaruro w’umubiri wa polyurethane elastic mu gihugu cyanjye uzagera kuri toni miliyoni 2.059, ibyo bikaba bizakomeza gutera imbere vuba.
Ku isi yose, umusaruro wa polyurethane elastomer wageze kuri toni miliyoni 2.52 mu 2016 na toni miliyoni 3.539 mu 2021, hamwe n’umuvuduko w’izamuka ry’ibice bivanze buri mwaka rya 7.0%. Mu 2025, umusaruro wa polyurethane elastomer ku isi yose witezwe kugera kuri toni miliyoni 4.495, bigaragaza iterambere ryihuse kandi rihamye.
Elastomer ya polyurethane (TPU) ifite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza. Ingufu zayo zo gukurura ni nyinshi, ndende, ntizishobora guterwa n'amavuta, ntizishobora guterwa n'ubushyuhe buke, ntizishobora guterwa n'ikirere, kandi ntizishobora guterwa n'umwuka wa ozone, kandi ubukana bwazo ni bwinshi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ikoreshwa rya TPU ku isoko ryaragutse kuva ku nganda z'inkweto kugeza ku isoko rikomeye nko mu by'imiti, mu by'indege no mu kurengera ibidukikije. Dukurikije imibare, kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2021, igipimo cy'izamuka ry'umusaruro wa TPU mu Bushinwa mu mwaka cyari hejuru ya 14.5%. Mu 2021, umusaruro wa TPU mu gihugu cyanjye wari toni zigera ku 645.000. Igihugu cyanjye cyabaye igihugu kinini ku isi gitanga TPU. Umusaruro n'ingano y'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka ya vuba aha.
Ukurikije uko ibintu byifuzwa, isoko rya TPU ku isi ubu riri mu Burayi, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, no mu turere twa Aziya na Pasifika. Muri two, akarere ka Aziya kayobowe n'Ubushinwa ni ko kaza ku isonga mu gukoresha TPU ku isi. Dukurikije imibare ya Komite Idasanzwe ya Elastic Special ya Ishyirahamwe ry'Inganda za Polyurethane mu Bushinwa, ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane mu gihugu cyanjye mu 2018 ryageze kuri toni miliyoni 11.3, muri zo ikoreshwa rya polyurethane elastomer (TPU+CPU) ryari toni miliyoni 1.1%.
TPU iracyari kimwe mu bicuruzwa bifite iterambere ryihuse rya polyurethane mu gihe cya vuba. Igihugu cyanjye cyabaye igihugu kinini ku isi gikoresha TPU. Dukurikije imibare, igipimo cy’izamuka ry’imvange ku mwaka ry’ikoreshwa rya TPU mu Bushinwa mu 2017-2021 cyari hejuru ya 12.9%, aho ikoreshwa ryose mu 2021 ryari toni 602.000, ubwiyongere bwa 11.6% buri mwaka. Hashingiwe ku musaruro wa TPU ku isi wa toni miliyoni 1.09 mu 2021, ikoreshwa rya TPU mu gihugu ryarenze kimwe cya kabiri cy’isi. Mu gihe kizaza, ibikenerwa by’ibikoresho by’inkweto, firime, imiyoboro, n’insinga bizaba bikomeye cyane. Mu rwego rw’ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, insinga z’insinga, na firime, bizasimbura ibikoresho gakondo bya PVC. Birashoboka cyane ko bizasimbura EVA mu rwego rw’ibikoresho by’inkweto. Biteganijwe ko TPU izakomeza kuba 10 mu gihe kizaza 10 10 % Cyangwa izamuka rirenzeho. Biteganijwe ko ikoreshwa ryayo rizagera kuri toni zigera ku 900.000 mu 2026.
Uko umusaruro ugenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro, ikiguzi cy'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane elastic kiri hasi, ubwoko buratandukanye cyane, isoko ryarushijeho kuba ryiza, kandi iterambere ry'inganda ririhuta. Mu gihe cya "Gahunda ya Cumi na Kane y'Imyaka Itanu", inganda za Case zigomba guteza imbere cyane iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa mu cyerekezo cy'amazi, ibidafite solvent, kandi bikomeye; kongera iterambere rya CASE n'ikoranabuhanga rya sintetike ry'imiterere y'ibikoresho fatizo by'ibanze, hibandwa ku ikoreshwa rya polyfonus y'amazi ya polytianmen; kwibanda ku gukora ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze bw'inyigisho n'ikoranabuhanga ry'ubuhanga bushingiye ku mazi; kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa, guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bishya, kwagura urwego rw'ikoreshwa, no guteza imbere iyubakwa ry'ibikorwa remezo bishya mu nzira za gari ya moshi, umuhanda munini, umuyoboro w'ibiraro, ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi, nibindi. No gukoresha urwego rw'ubuvuzi; guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya tekiniki rya polyurethane kole kugira ngo habeho formaldehyde yo kongeramo amasahani y'ubukorano; guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, imikorere, kandi bifite agaciro kanini bya amoniya; kongera ubushakashatsi n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha ibikoresho bya polyurethane bidapfa amazi, imikorere, igihe kirekire; Guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bya polyurethane mu nyubako zabanje gukoreshwa.
Ibyerekezo by'ingenzi by'iterambere ry'umurima wa elastomer ni:
Elastome za Polyurethane ku modoka. Inganda z'imodoka zo muri iki gihe zirimo gutera imbere zigana ku mikorere myiza, ubuziranenge, uburemere bworoheje, ihumure n'umutekano. Ibikoresho bya sintetike bya kawucu na pulasitiki bigenda bisimbura buhoro buhoro ibikoresho by'icyuma, ibi bitanga amahirwe menshi yo gukoresha elastome za polyurethane.
Elastomeri za polyurethane zo kubaka. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya kaburimbo bitagira amazi byagiye bisimburwa buhoro buhoro n'ibikoresho biramba kandi byubatswe bya polyurethane bidakoresha amazi; Gukoresha inzira ya siporo ya polyurethane bigenda birushaho kwiyongera. Inzira zo kwagura ibiraro binini, gari ya moshi yihuta, inzira y'ikibuga cy'indege n'inzira yo gufunga umuhanda nabyo bigenda bikorwa buhoro buhoro muri elastomeri ya PVC ikomera ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
Elastomer ya polyurethane yo gukoreshwa mu birombe. Hari ikenewe cyane ry'ibikoresho bitari ibyuma kandi birwanya kwangirika cyane, bikomeye kandi biramba mu birombe by'amakara, ibyuma n'ibitari ibyuma.
Elastomer ya polyurethane ikoreshwa mu nkweto. Esta ya polychloride ifite ubushobozi bwo gufunga neza, uburemere bworoheje, kudashira, kudasimbuka, n'ibindi, yabaye igikoresho cy'ingenzi gishyigikira inkweto.
Elastome ya polyurethane ikoreshwa mu buvuzi. Kuba ihuza neza n'umubiri, kuba amaraso ahuye neza kandi nta nyongeramusaruro ni impamvu z'ingenzi zituma ibikoresho bya TPU na CPU bikoreshwa mu buvuzi. Ikoreshwa ryayo mu buvuzi n'ubuzima ni rinini cyane.
Urupapuro rushya rwa polyurethane. Biteganijwe ko ikoranabuhanga ry'ibikoresho bya polyurethane rizazana igihe gishya cyo guturika kw'isoko rya polyurethane elastomer.
Iterambere ry'inganda zo kwagura uruhererekane rwa polyurethane "Gahunda ya 14 y'imyaka itanu"
Ukurikije uko isi ibibona, iterambere ryihuse ry’urwego rw’ubwubatsi, inganda z’imodoka, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, inganda nshya zishinzwe ingufu n’ibidukikije byatumye habaho gukenera cyane ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane. Ibihangange bya polyurethane ku isi bikomeje guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no mu mikoreshereze yabyo, kandi bizakomeza guteza imbere iterambere no gukora ibikoresho bishya bya polyurethane. Bitewe no kwaguka kw’ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane mu rwego rwo hejuru no mu isoko rya nyuma, gukenera ibintu bitandukanye bya polyurethane bizateza imbere udushya n’iterambere ry’ibikoresho bya polyurethane.
Mu myaka 10 iri imbere, ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane mu turere tumwe na ..., abahanga mu nganda basesengura ko ubwiyongere bw'ubukene ku isi bwa polyurethane buzaba bungana na 4.5% ku mwaka. Muri byo, impuzandengo y'ubwiyongere bw'ubukene bwa polyurethane buri mwaka igereranywa na 5.7% mu bijyanye no gukonjesha, inkweto, imyenda, imyidagaduro n'ahandi. Ubukene mu bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa bwiyongereyeho gato, kandi biteganijwe ko buzaba bungana na 3.3% ku mwaka. Ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere mu karere ka Aziya na Pasifika byafashijwe n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu kwagura ikoreshwa ryabyo, kandi ubukene bwa polyurethane buzagera ku gipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'imibare ibiri buri mwaka.
Nk'ibikoresho fatizo by'ingenzi ku nganda za polyurethane, inganda zongeramo polyurethane mu gihugu cyanjye zigomba gushyira mu bikorwa igitekerezo gishya cy'iterambere mu buryo budahindagurika. Hasi, insanganyamatsiko yo guteza imbere iterambere ry'inganda za polyurethane rifite ireme, hamwe n'icyerekezo cyo guteza imbere inganda za polyurethane kugira ngo hihutishwe iyubakwa ry'icyitegererezo gishya cy'iterambere rya "dual-cycle", hibandwa ku mpinduka z'ibidukikije, ndende ya karuboni, na digitale. , Kwihutisha iyubakwa ry'inganda zigezweho, guteza imbere "intege nke" z'ibicuruzwa bifite ireme, "gufata ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi rigezweho", "gufungura inzira nshya" mu bicuruzwa gakondo, no guteza imbere igihugu cyanjye kuva kuri polyurethane kikajya mu gihugu gikomeye.
Kuri ubu, polyurethane chain extender yabaye imwe mu bikoresho fatizo bya polyurethane bikenewe mu mishinga minini y’ibikorwa remezo by’igihugu. Inganda zikora polyurethane chain extender zirimo kongera ishoramari mu guhanga udushya, zitera imbere mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije, gukora neza no kunoza imiterere yazo. Zishingiye ku bikenewe mu by’indege, amakuru y’ikoranabuhanga, ingufu nshya, imodoka, gari ya moshi yihuta, inzira za gari ya moshi, imihanda minini, ibiraro binini, ubuvuzi n’inganda zo kurinda igihugu, impinduka n’ikoreshwa ry’ibikorwa bishya bya polyurethane chain extender byihutishwa kugira ngo binoze urwego rw’iterambere rusange rw’inganda za polyurethane.
Icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’inganda zikora ibikoresho byo gukurura imiyoboro ya polyurethane ni uguteza imbere ibikoresho byo gukurura imiyoboro ya polyurethane bifite ubuziranenge kandi birengera ibidukikije. Ntabwo ari isuku gusa kandi nta mwanda uhumanya mu ikorwa, ahubwo ni umutekano kandi ni umwimerere mu ikoreshwa ryayo kugira ngo hatezwe imbere uburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho bya polyurethane. Icya kabiri, ni ukugira ngo hakorwe neza ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho byo gukurura imiyoboro ya polyurethane, kugira ngo ibikoresho byo gukurura imiyoboro byabigize umwuga byuzure imbaraga nshya. Urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga rw’ibigo bimwe na bimwe byo gukurura imiyoboro ya polyurethane mu gihugu rungana n’urw’ibigo mpuzamahanga, ariko hakenewe ubushakashatsi bw’inyongera mu ikoreshwa ryayo kugira ngo abakoresha benshi bamenye ko ibicuruzwa ari byiza cyane cyane mu guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bya diamine bikozwe mu mazi kandi bikore neza kandi bikora neza, no gukoresha neza imbaraga zo gukurura imiyoboro ya polyurethane kugira ngo hagabanuke ingufu no kugabanya ikoreshwa n’ikiguzi. Icya gatatu ni uguteza imbere ibicuruzwa bishya hakurikijwe ibyo isoko risaba, gutanga ibicuruzwa bikwiye kandi bifite ubuziranenge ku nganda za polyurethane, kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyo isoko rikeneye kandi ryagure uburyo bwo kubikoresha.
Ku bikoresho bya polyurethane elastic, umuyoboro w'insinga ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kandi cy'ingenzi gifite ubwinshi n'agaciro kongerwaho, ibyo bikaba bifite akamaro kanini mu kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa. Byongeye kandi, mu bindi bikoresho bya polyurethane ndetse no muri pulasitiki ya foam, umuyoboro w'insinga wa polyurethane ugira ingaruka zigaragara ku kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa. Mu nganda za polyurethane, isoko ry'inganda za polyurethane ni rinini cyane. Kugira ngo hatezwe imbere kandi habeho iterambere ryiza ry'inganda za polyurethane, ni ngombwa kongera ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa no guteza imbere umuyoboro w'inganda za polyurethane, no guteza imbere ubwoko bwiza kandi bwinshi bwa polyurethane chain extender bushingiye ku kwita ku buzima, kuzigama ingufu, umutekano no kurengera ibidukikije no gukora neza, kugira ngo habeho uruhare runini mu mibereho myiza y'abantu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-08-2023