I.Incamake y'inganda n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga
Polyacrylamide (PAM), nk'imwe mu miti y'ingenzi cyane ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi, yateye imbere cyane mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no mu ikoreshwa ry'amasoko mu myaka ya vuba aha. Nk'uko raporo iheruka y'ubushakashatsi ku isoko ibigaragaza, isoko rya PAM ku isi ryageze kuri miliyari 4.58 z'amadolari mu 2023 kandi biteganijwe ko rizagera kuri miliyari 6.23 z'amadolari mu 2028, hamwe n'izamuka ry'umubare w'abakoresha amazi buri mwaka rya 6.3%. Urwego rutunganya amazi rugizwe na arenga 65% by'ikoreshwa ryose, rukaba ari rwo rutera imbere mu iterambere ry'inganda.
1. Impinduka muri Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Mu 2023, itsinda ry’abashakashatsi bo muri Kaminuza y’Ubumenyi n’Ikoranabuhanga y’Ubushinwa ryasohoye ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi mu *Amazi Kamere*, rikora neza ibikoresho bishya bya APAM bifite imiterere ya "smart response". Rikoresheje ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyira mu bikorwa molekile, iki gicuruzwa gishobora guhindura imiterere ya molekile yacyo hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’imyanda iri mu mazi, kikanoza imikorere yo gukuraho iyoni z’icyuma kiremereye ku kigero cya 40%, cyane cyane ikwiriye gucukurwa mu mazi yanduye. Amakuru aturuka mu mushinga wo gutunganya amazi yanduye yo mu kirombe cy’umuringa muri Jiangxi yagaragaje ko iki gikoresho cyageze ku kigero cya 99.2% cyo gukuraho iyoni z’umuringa mu gihe cyagabanyije ikiguzi cyo kuyatunganya ku kigero cya 35%.
Muri icyo gihe, Mitsubishi Chemical yo mu Buyapani yashyizeho uruhererekane rwa APAM rudashyuha cyane rukomeza gukora neza kuri dogere selisiyusi 80-120, rukemura ibibazo bya tekiniki mu gutunganya amazi yanduye yo mu butaka bwa peteroli na gaze. Iki gicuruzwa cyagaragaje imikorere idasanzwe muri sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi yo mu butaka bwa peteroli ya Saudi Aramco, cyihutisha umuvuduko wo gukora floc ku kigero cya 50% kandi kigabanya igihe cyo kuruhuka kikagera kuri bibiri bya gatatu by'ibicuruzwa bisanzwe.
2. Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga muri Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Urwego rwo gutunganya imyanda rwabonye impinduka zikomeye. Mu ntangiriro za 2024, BASF yo mu Budage yatangije umusaruro mushya wa CPAM ufite uburemere bwa molekile burenga miliyoni 20 za Dalton. Binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryihariye ryo guhuza, uyu musaruro urema imiterere y’urusobe rw’imyanda mu gihe cyo gukuramo imyanda, ugera ku kigero cy’ubushuhe bw’imyanda nyuma yo gukuramo imyanda kiri munsi ya 58%—ubushyuhe bw’imyanda bugera kuri 10% ugereranyije n’ibicuruzwa bisanzwe. Nyuma yo gukoresha iri koranabuhanga, uruganda rutunganya amazi yanduye rwa Paris rwongereye ubushobozi bwo gutunganya imyanda ku kigero cya 30% mu gihe rugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti ku kigero cya 15%.
Ikigaragara cyane ni uko ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cyo mu Buholandi cyakoze CPAM ikora biosynthetic hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR ryo guhindura imiterere y’uturemangingo. Iyi gahunda yakozwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya *E. coli*, yirinda burundu ikoreshwa rya acrylamide monomer, igabanya uburozi bw’ibicuruzwa ku kigero cya 90% kandi ikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku kigero cya 65% mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya. Nubwo ibiciro biriho ubu bikomeje kuba hejuru ya ~20% ugereranije n’uburyo bwo gukora imiti, inyungu zikomeye zitezwe mu guhangana no kugera ku musaruro mugari bitarenze 2026.
3. Uburyo bwagutse bwo gukoresha Nonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
NPAM igaragaza ibyiza bidasanzwe mu gutunganya amazi byihariye. Mu mpera za 2023, Dow Chemical yashyizeho uruhererekane rwa NPAM rukoresha pH ruhindura uburyo bwa molekile mu buryo bwikora muri pH 2-12, rukongera ubushobozi bwo gufata ibintu bikomeye bikozwe mu buryo bwa nano-scale inshuro 3-5. Iri koranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe neza mu gutegura amazi meza cyane ku nganda zikora semiconductor, rigera ku bipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'amazi bya 18.2 MΩ·cm.
Abashakashatsi bo muri Koreya y'Epfo bakoze NPAM iboneka kandi ibora, binyuze mu gushyiraho imiterere ya azobenzene. Polima zisigaye zishobora kwangirika zikaba imvange ntoya mu masaha 48 munsi y'urumuri rusanzwe, bigakemura burundu ibibazo bisanzwe bya PAM. Iri koranabuhanga ryageragejwe mu nganda zikoresha amazi yo kunywa za Seoul, aho biteganijwe ko ubucuruzi buzaba mu mwaka wa 2025.
II. Imiterere y'Isoko n'Iterambere ry'Akarere
1. Impinduka mu miterere y'isoko mpuzamahanga
Akarere ka Aziya na Pasifika kabaye isoko rya PAM ririmo gukura cyane, rigizwe na 46% by'ikoreshwa ry'ibikomoka ku isi mu 2023, aho Ubushinwa bwagize uruhare runini mu iterambere. Amakuru aturuka mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Inganda za Peteroli n'Ibinyabutabire mu Bushinwa agaragaza ko umusaruro wa PAM mu Bushinwa wageze kuri toni 920.000 mu 2023, aho ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bikomeza kwiyongeraho 15% buri mwaka—cyane cyane ku bicuruzwa bya CPAM byo ku rwego rwo hejuru, aho kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biguma hejuru ya 40%.
Isoko ry’i Burayi rigaragaza imiterere itandukanye. Bitewe n’amategeko akaze agenga ibidukikije, ibicuruzwa bya PAM bishobora kwangirika byongereye isoko kuva kuri 8% mu 2020 kugera kuri 22% mu 2023. Veolia wo mu Bufaransa yatangaje ko afite gahunda yo gusimbuza burundu CPAM gakondo n’ibindi bimera bitarenze ibidukikije bitarenze 2026.
Isoko rya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, riterwa n'iterambere rya gaze ya shale, rikomeje gukenerwa cyane na APAM. Ibicuruzwa bya PAM byo muri Amerika byiyongereyeho 18% mu 2023, aho 60% byakoreshejwe mu gutunganya amazi yanduye na peteroli. Ikigaragara ni uko Megizike yagaragaye nk'ikigo gishya cy'umusaruro, aho ibigo byinshi mpuzamahanga byashinze ibikorwa remezo byo mu gace.
2. Ibiciro n'Imiterere y'Uruhererekane rw'Ibicuruzwa
Kuva mu 2023 kugeza mu 2024, amasoko y’ibikoresho fatizo bya PAM yahuye n’ihindagurika rikomeye. Ibiciro bya acrylamide monomer byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu gihembwe cya gatatu cya 2023 ariko byagarutse ku rwego rukwiye mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2024 ubwo Ubushinwa bwongeraga ubushobozi bushya bwo gukora. Ariko, ibiciro bya cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) byakomeje kwiyongera bitewe n’igabanuka ry’ibiciro bya propylene oxide, byongera ibiciro bya CPAM ku kigero cya 12-15%.
Ku bijyanye n'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa, abayobozi mu nganda bihutishije uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu. Solvay Group yashoye miliyoni 300 z'amayero mu ruganda rushya rw'ibicuruzwa mu Bubiligi, bituma umusaruro wuzuye uva kuri acrylonitrile ugera ku bicuruzwa bya nyuma. Biteganijwe ko bizatangizwa mu 2025, ibi bizagabanya ikiguzi cyose ho 20%. Ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse byahinduye icyerekezo cyo kwibanda ku buhanga—urugero, Italmatch yo mu Butaliyani yibanze ku guteza imbere formulaires zihariye za APAM zo gukuramo umunyu mu mazi yo mu nyanja.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-09-2025